Publications, Presentations, Posters, & Papers

Peer Reviewed Journal Articles

-Citation information from Google Scholar: Scholar.Google.Com/citations?user=G9JORkUAAAAJ&hl

-Citation information from the ISI Web of Science: ResearcherID.Com/rid/C-7322-2009

-An asterisk (*) denotes a student with whom I collaborated.

[67] Rosenzweig, E. D., Kelley, K., & Bendoly, E. (2025). Diversity in frontline employee perceptions: Policies and procedures, training, and leadership as drivers of service quality. Production and Operations Management, 34, 412–422.

[66] Chattopadhyay, B., Bandyopadhyay, T., Kelley, K., & Jishnu, P. (2025). A sequential approach for noninferiority or equivalence of a linear contrast under cost constraints. Psychological Methods, 30, 425–439.

[65] Somanchi, S., Abbasi, A., Kelley, K., Dobolyi, D., & Yuan, T. (2023). Examining user heterogeneity in digital experiments. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 41(100), 1–34.

[64] Anderson, S. F. & Kelley, K. (2024). Sample size planning for replication studies: The devil is in the design. Psychological Methods, 29, 844–867.

[63] Wowak, K. D., Handley, S. M., Kelley, K., & Angst, C. M., (2024). Strategic sourcing of multi-component software systems: The case of electronic medical records. Decision Sciences Journal, 55, 227–244.

[62] Tofighi, D., & Kelley, K. (2020). Improved inference in mediation analysis: Introducing the model based constrained optimization procedure. Psychological Methods, 25, 496–515.

[61] MacMillan, K., Hurst, C., Kelley, K., Howell, J., & Jung, Y. (2020). Who says there’s a problem? Preferences on the sending and receiving of prohibitive voice. Human Relations, 7, 1049–1076.

[60] Tofighi, D., & Kelley, K. (2020). Indirect effects in sequential mediation models:Evaluating methods for hypothesis testing and confidence interval formation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 55, 188–210.

[59] Liu, X. S., Carlson, R., & Kelley, K. (2019). Common language effect size for correlations. Journal of General Psychology, 146, 325–338.

[58] Kelley, K., Darku, F. B., & Chattopadhyay, B. (2019). Sequential Accuracy in parameter estimation for population correlation coefficients. Psychological Methods, 24, 492–515.
Authors contributed equally.

[57] Rosenzweig, E., Queenan, C., & Kelley, K. (2019). Virtuous cycles of service quality: An empirical test. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 39, 357–380.†
† Award for Best

[56] McNeish, D., & Kelley, K. (2019). Fixed effects versus mixed effects models for clustered data: Reviewing the approaches, disentangling the differences, and making recommendations. Psychological Methods, 24, 20–35.

[55] Adjerid, I. & Kelley, K. (2018). Big data in psychology: A framework for research advancement. American Psychologist, 73, 899–917.

[54] Lachowicz, M. J., Preacher, K. J., & Kelley, K. (2018). A novel measure of effect size for mediation analysis. Psychological Methods, 23, 244–261.

[53] Kelley, K., Darku, F. B., & Chattopadhyay, B. (2018). Accuracy in parameter estimation for a general class of effect sizes: A sequential approach. Psychological Methods, 23, 226–243.
Note: Authors contributed equally.
- Code and instructions for the standardized mean difference, regression coefficient, and the coefficient of variation.
- Corrected Equation 26

[52] Anderson, S. F., Kelley, K., & Maxwell, S. E. (2017). Sample size planning for more accurate statistical power: A method correcting sample effect size for publication bias an uncertainty. Psychological Science, 28, 1547–1562.

[51] Angst, C. M., Handley, S., Wowak, K. & Kelley, K. (2017). Antecedents of information sourcing systems strategies in U.S. hospitals: A longitudinal study. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 41, 1129–1152.

[50] Angst, C. M., Block, E. S., D’Arcy, J., & Kelley, K. (2017). When do IT security investments matter? Accounting for the influence of institutional factors in the context of healthcare data breaches. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 41, 893–916.

[49] Chattopadhyay, B., & Kelley, K. (2017). Estimating the standardized mean difference with minimum risk: Maximizing accuracy and minimizing cost with sequential estimation. Psychological Methods, 22, 94–113.
Note: Authorship is alphabetical; both contributed equally.

[48] Chattopadhyay, B., & Kelley, K. (2016). Estimation of the coefficient of variation with minimum risk: A sequential method for minimizing sampling error and sampling cost. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 51, 627–648. Note: Authorship is alphabetical; both contributed equally.

[47] Guo, H., Cheng, H. K., & Kelley, K. (2016). Impact of network structure on malware propagation: A growth curve perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 33, 296–325.

[46] Kelley, K., & Pornprasertmanit, S. (2016). Confidence intervals for population reliability coefficients: Evaluation of methods, recommendations, and software for composite measures. Psychological Methods, 21, 69–92.

[45] Tofighi, D., & Kelley, K. (2016). Assessing omitted confounder bias in multilevel mediation models.Multivariate Behavioral Research, 51, 86–105.

[44] Fuhs, M. W., McNeil, N. M., Kelley, K., O'Rear, C., & Villano, M. (2015). The role of non-numerical stimulus features in approximate number system training in preschoolers from low-income homes. Journal of Cognition and Development, 17, 737–764.

[43] Simon, L. S., Hurst, C., Kelley, K., & Judge, T. A. (2015). Understanding cycles of abuse: A multi-motive approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100, 1798–1810.

[42] Glavas, A. & Kelley, K. (2014). The effects of perceived corporate social responsibility on employee attitudes. Business Ethics Quarterly, 24, 165–202.

[41] Finch, H., Bolin, J. E., & Kelley, K. (2014). Group membership prediction when known groups consist of unknown subgroups: A Monte Carlo comparison of methods. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(337) 1–12.

[40] Judge, T. A., Simon, L. S., Hurst, C., & Kelley, K. (2014). What I experienced yesterday is who I am today: Relationship of work motivations and behaviors to within-individual variation in the five-factor model of personality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99, 199–221.

[39] Chesney, D. L., McNeil, N. M., Brockmole, J. R., & Kelley, K. (2013). An eye for relations: Eye-tracking indicates long-term negative effects operational thinking on understanding of math equivalence. Memory & Cognition, 41, 1079–1095.

[38] Kelley, K., & Preacher, K. J. (2012). On effect size. Psychological Methods, 17, 137–152.

[37] Kelley, K. & Cheng, Y. (2012). Estimation of and confidence interval formation for reliability coefficients of homogeneous measurement instruments. Methodology, 8, 39–50.

[36] Terry, L. J.* & Kelley, K. (2012). Sample size planning for composite reliability coefficients: Accuracy in parameter estimation via narrow confidence intervals. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 65, 371–401.

[35] Alexander, J. M., Johnson, K. E., & Kelley, K. (2012). Longitudinal analysis of the relations between opportunities to learn about science and the development of interests related to science. Science Education, 96, 763–786.

[34] Lai, K.* & Kelley, K. (2012). Accuracy in parameter estimation for ANCOVA and ANOVA contrasts: Sample size planning via narrow confidence intervals. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 65, 350–370.†
† On-line supplement.

[33] Warren, J.* Stoerger, S. M.*, & Kelley, K. (2012). Longitudinal gender and age bias in a prominent amateur new media community. New Media & Society, 14, 7–27.

[32] Kelley, K. & Rausch, J. R. (2011). Sample size planning for longitudinal models: Accuracy in parameter estimation for polynomial change parameters. Psychological Methods, 16, 391—405.

[31] Holden, J. E., Finch, W. H., & Kelley, K. (2011). A comparison of two-group classification methods.Educational and Psychological Measurement, 71, 870–901.

[30] Kelley, K. & Lai, K. (2011). Accuracy in parameter estimation for the root mean square error of approximation: Sample size planning for narrow confidence intervals. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 46, 1–32.†
† On-line supplement.

[29] Lai, K.*, & Kelley, K. (2011). Accuracy in parameter estimation for targeted effects in structura equation modeling: Sample size planning for narrow confidence intervals.Psychological Methods, 16, 127–148.

[28] Preacher, K. J. & Kelley, K. (2011). Effect sizes measures for mediation models: Quantitative strategies for communicating indirect effects. Psychological Methods, 16, 93–115.†
† On-line supplement.

[27] Angst, C. M., Agarwal, R., Sambamurthy, V., & Kelley, K. (2010). Social contagion and information technology diffusion: The adoption of electronic medical records in US hospitals. Management Science, 56, 1219–1241.†
†On-line supplement.

[26] Holden, J. E.*, & Kelley, K. (2010). The effects of initially misclassified data on the effectiveness of discriminant function analysis and finite mixture modeling. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70 55–66.

[25] Kelley, K. (2009). The average rate of change for continuous time models. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 268–278.

[24] Rausch, J. R., & Kelley, K. (2009). A comparison of linear and mixture models for discriminant analysis under nonnormality. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 85–98.

[23] Kelley, K. (2008). Sample size planning for the squared multiple correlation coefficient: Accuracy in parameter estimation via narrow confidence intervals. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 43, 524–555.

[22] Yuan, K-H., Kouros, C. D., & Kelley, K. (2008). Diagnosis for covariance structure models by analyzing the path. Structural Equation Modeling, 15, 564–602.

[21] Kelley, K. (2008). Nonlinear change models in populations with unobserved heterogeneity.Methodology, 4, 97–112.

[20] Kelley, K. & Maxwell, S.E. (2008). Delineating the average rate of change in longitudinal models. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 33, 307–332.

[19] Agarwal, R., Metiku, T., Tegegne, G. G., Light, R. P., Bunaye, Z., Bekele, D. M., & Kelley, K. (2008). Diagnosing hypertension by intradialytic blood pressure recordings. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 3, 1364–1372.

[18] Singh, A. K., Kelley, K., & Agarwal, R. (2008). Interpreting results of clinical trials: A conceptual framework. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 3, 1246–1252.

[17] Anderson, J. A. Wright, E. R, Kelley, K., & Kooreman, H. E. (2008). Patterns of clinical functioning over time for young people served in a system of care. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 16, 90–104.

[16] Holden, J. E.*, Kelley, K., & Agarwal, R. (2008). Analyzing change: A primer on multilevel models with applications to nephrology. American Journal of Nephrology, 28(5), 792–801.

[15] Alexander, J. M., Johnson, K. E., Leibham, M. E., & Kelley, K. (2008). The development of conceptual interests in young children. Cognitive Development, 23, 324–334.

[14] Stright, A. D., Gallagher, K. C., & Kelley, K. (2008). Infant temperament moderates relations between maternal parenting in early childhood and children's adjustment in first grade, Child Development, 79, 186–200.

[13] Agarwal, R., Kelley, K., & Light, R. L. (2008). Diagnostic utility of blood volume monitoring in hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 51, 242–254.

[12] Maxwell, S. E., Kelley, K., & Rausch, J. R. (2008). Sample size planning for statistical power and accuracy in parameter estimation. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 537–563.

[11] Kelley, K. (2007). Sample size planning for the coefficient of variation: Accuracy in parameter estimation via narrow confidence intervals. Behavior Research Methods, 39(4), 755–766.

[10] Kelley, K. (2007). Methods for the Behavioral, Educational, and Social Science: An R Package. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 979–984.

[9] Kelley, K., Aricak, O. T., Light, R. L, & Agarwal, R. (2007). Proteinuria is a determinant of quality of life in diabetic nephropathy: Modeling lagged effects with path analysis. American Journal of Nephrology, 27, 488–494.

[8] Kelley, K., Light, R. L, & Agarwal, R. (2007). Trended cosinor change model for analyzing hemodynamic rhythm patterns in hemodialysis patients. Hypertension, 50, 143–150.

[7] Kelley, K. (2007). Confidence intervals for standardized effect sizes: Theory, application, and implementation. Journal of Statistical Software, 20(8), 1–24.

[6] Kelley, K., & Rausch, J. R. (2006). Sample size planning for the standardized mean difference: Accuracy in parameter estimation via narrow confidence intervals. Psychological Methods, 11(4), 363–385.†
† Figure 3 as it should be (the printed version has a production error).
† Reprinted in Vogt, W. P. (Ed). (2009). Selecting research methods (Volume 1). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

[5] Kelley, K. (2005). The effects of nonnormal distributions on confidence intervals around the standardized mean difference: Bootstrap and parametric confidence intervals. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 65, 51–69.

[4] Kelley, K. (2004). Assessing the assumption of symmetric proximity measures in the context of multidimensional scaling. Journal of Applied Measurement, 5, 419–429.

[3] Kelley, K. & Maxwell, S.E. (2003). Sample size for multiple regression: Obtaining regression coefficients that are accurate, not simply significant. Psychological Methods, 8, 305–321.

[2] Kelley, K., Maxwell, S.E., & Rausch, J.R. (2003). Obtaining power or obtaining precision: Delineating methods of sample-size planning. Evaluation and the Health Professions, 26, 258–287.

[1] Rausch, J. R., Maxwell, S.E., & Kelley, K. (2003). Analytic methods for questions pertaining to a randomized pretest, posttest, follow-up design. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 467–486.

Books

Maxwell, S. E., Delaney, H. D., & Kelley, K. (forthcoming). Designing experiments and analyzing data: A model comparison perspective (4th ed). New York, NY: Routledge.
-Accompanying web site: DesigningExperiments.com/

Maxwell, S. E., Delaney, H. D., & Kelley, K. (2018). Designing experiments and analyzing data: A model comparison perspective (3rd ed). New York, NY: Routledge.
-Accompanying web site: DesigningExperiments.com/
-Available at https://www.routledge.com/9781138892286

Finch, W. H., Bolin, J. H., & Kelley, K. (2019). Multilevel modeling using R (2nd ed). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
-Accompanying web site: www.MLMinR.com.

Finch, W. H., Bolin, J. H., & Kelley, K. (2014). Multilevel modeling using R. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
-Accompanying web site: www.MLMinR.com.

Chapters

Kelley, K., & Bolin, J. H. (2013). Multiple regression. In T. Teo (Ed.) Handbook of quantitative methods or educational research (71–101). Boston, MA: Sense Publishers.

Kelley, K. (2012). Effect size and sample size planning. In T. Little (Ed.) Oxford handbook of quantitative methods. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Kelley, K. & Maxwell, S. E. (2012). Sample size planning. In H. Cooper (Ed.) APA handbook of research methods in psychology (181–202). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Maxwell, S. E., & Kelley (2011). Sample size planning and ethics. In A. T. Panter & S. K. Sternberg (Eds.) Handbook of Ethics in Quantitative Methodology (159–184). New York, NY: Routledge.

Kelley, K. & Maxwell, S. E. (2010). Multiple Regression. In G. R. Hancock & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), The reviewer’s guide to quantitative methods in the social sciences (pp. 281–298). New York: Routledge.

Kelley, K., Lai, K.*, & Wu, P-J*. (2008). Using R for data analysis: A best practice for research. In J. Osbourne (Ed.), Best practices in quantitative methods (pp. 535–572). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Kelley, K. & Maxwell, S. E. (2008). Power and accuracy for omnibus and targeted effects: Issues of sample size planning with applications to multiple regression. In P. Alasuuta, L. Bickman, & J. Brannen (Eds.), Handbook of social research methods (pp. 166–192). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Encyclopedias and Glossaries

Kelley, K. (2010). Sample size planning. In I. B. Weiner & W. E. Craighead (Eds.), The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology (4th ed., Vol. 4, pp. 1490–1491). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Kelley, K. (2010). Accuracy in parameter estimation (AIPE). In N. J. Salkind, D. M. Dougherty, & B. Fre (Eds.), Encyclopedia of research design (Vol. 1, pp. 2–4). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Kelley, K. (2010). A priori Monte Carlo simulation. In N. J. Salkind, D. M. Dougherty, & B. Frey (Eds.), Encyclopedia of research design (Vol. 1, pp. 37–38). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Kelley, K. (2010). MBESS. In N. J. Salkind, D. M. Dougherty, & B. Frey (Eds.), Encyclopedia of research design (Vol. 2, pp. 778–779). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Kelley, K. (2010). Monte Carlo simulation study. In N. J. Salkind, D. M. Dougherty, & B. Frey (Eds.), Encyclopedia of research design (Vol. 2, pp. 830–832). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Kelley, K. (2010). Sample size planning. In N. J. Salkind, D. M. Dougherty, & B. Frey (Eds.), Encyclopedia of research design (Vol. 3, pp. 1301–1302). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Kelley, K. (2009). Estimation (point and interval). In L. E. Sullivan, R. B. Johnson, C. C. Mercado, & K. J. Terry (Eds.), The Sage glossary of the social and behavioral sciences (p. 184), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Software

Anderson, S. & Kelley, K. (2017). BUCSS (Version 0.0.1 and more recent) [computer software and manual]. Accessible from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/BUCSS/index.html.†
†Accompanies Anderson, Kelley, & Maxwell (2017; Psychological Science).

Kelley, K., Maxwell, S. E., & Delaney, H. D. (2017). AMCP: A Model Comparison Perspective (Version 0.0.1 and more recent) [computer software and manual]. Accessible from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/AMCP/index.html.†
†Accompanies Maxwell, Delaney, & Kelley (Designing Experiments and Analyzing Data: A Model Comparison Perspective).

Kelley, K., & Lai, K. (2016). MBESS (Version 4.0.0 and more recent) [computer software and manual]. Accessible from http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/MBESS/index.html.

Kelley, K., & Lai, K. (2010–2014). MBESS (Version 3.0.0–3.3.3) [computer software and manual]. Accessible from http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/MBESS/index.html.

Kelley, K. (2007-2008). MBESS (Version 2.0.0) [computer software and manual]. Accessible from http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/MBESS/index.html.

Kelley, K. (2006-2008). Methods for the Behavioral, Educational, and Social Sciences (Version 0.0.1-1.0.1) [computer software and manual]. Accessible from http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/MBESS/index.html.

Peer Reviewed Conference Presentations

Kelley, K., (2011, August). Accuracy in parameter estimation for omnibus or targeted effects in structural equation modeling: Sample size planning for narrow confidence intervals. A talk to be given at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.

Kelley, K., & Pornprasertmanit, S. (2011, July). An evaluation of confidence intervals for composite reliability coefficients. A talk to be given at the Joint Statistical Meetings, Miami, FL.

Kelley, K., & Lai, K. (2010, August). Sample size planning to obtain narrow confidence intervals for the RMSEA. A talk given at the Joint Statistical Meetings, Vancouver, Canada.

Lai, K. and Kelley, K. (2010, July). Sample size planning for targeted effects in SEM: Obtaining narrow confidence intervals. A talk given at the International Meeting of the Psychometric Society, Athens, GA.

Kelley, K., & Lai, K. (2010, July). Sample size, the root mean square error of approximation, and an approach to planning sample size. A talk given at the International Meeting of the Psychometric Society, Athens, GA.

Kelley, K., & Rausch, J. R. (2009, August). Accuracy in parameter estimation for group effects in longitudinal models: Sample size planning for narrow confidence intervals. A talk given at the Joint Statistics Meeting, Washington, DC.

Kelley, K. (2008, November). Accuracy in parameter estimation for the RMSEA. A talk given at the annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Chicago, IL.

Kelley, K. (2008, June). The average rate of change in longitudinal models. A talk given at the International Meeting of the Psychometric Society, Durham, NH.

Kelley, K. (2006, June). Sample size planning for the squared multiple correlation coefficient: Accuracy in Parameter Estimation via narrow confidence intervals. A talk given at the International Meeting of the Psychometric Society, Montreal, Canada.

Kelley, K. (2006, May). Nonlinear change models in heterogeneous populations: The latent classification differential change model. A talk given at the International Conference on Development and Learning, Bloomington, IN.*
*See also the corresponding proceedings noted above and available here.

Kelley, K. (2004, October). Estimating nonlinear growth models in heterogeneous populations when class membership is unknown: Defining and developing the latent classification differential change model. A talk given at the annual meeting of the Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology, Fort Myers, FL.

Peer Reviewed Conference Papers and Proceedings

Holden, J. E., & Kelley, K. (2008, March). Effects of misclassified data on two methods of classification analysis: A Monte Carlo simulation study. A paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York, NY.

Kelley, K. (2006). Nonlinear change models in heterogeneous populations when class membership is unknown: The latent classification differential change model. Proceedings of the International Conference on Development and Learning, Bloomington, IN, 5.

Lapsley, D.K., Daytner, K., Kelley, K. & Maxwell, S.E. (2002, April). Teacher aides, class, size and academic achievement: An evaluation of Indiana's Prime Time. A paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.

Peer Reviewed Conference Posters

Kelley, K. (2007, August). Accuracy in parameter estimation for omnibus and targeted effects in analysis of variance. Poster presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA.

Terry, L. J. & Kelley, K. (2007, August). Accuracy in parameter estimation for composite reliability coefficients. Poster presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA.

Kelley, K. (2007, April). Accuracy in parameter estimation for standardized means, mean differences, and contrasts. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL.

Kelley, K. & Stright, A. D. (2007, March). Temperament and parenting across early childhood: Growth mixture modeling using the NICHD Study of early child care. Poster presented at the Society for Research in Child Development meeting, Boston, MA.

Stright, A. D., Gallagher, K. C., & Kelley, K. (2006, April). Children's temperament moderates the relations between maternal parenting and children's adjustment to school. A poster presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA.

Kelley, K. (2000, May). 95 Million t tests: The empirical findings when the assumption of independence is violated in the two-sample t test. A poster presented at the annual Midwestern Psychological Association meeting, Chicago, IL.

Miscellaneous

Wright, E. R., Anderson, J. A., Kelley, K. & Kooreman, H. (2007, July). Longitudinal impact of family functioning on children served in systems of care. A report funded by and submitted to ORC Macro, Calverton, MD.

Kelley, K., & Rausch, J. R. (2004; 2005). DesigningExperiments.Com. A web site to accompany the experimental design textbook Designing experiments and analyzing data: A model comparison perspective (written by Maxwell & Delaney, 2004).

Lapsley, D. K., Daytner, K., Kelley, K. & Maxwell, S. E. (2002, February). Instructional assistance, class size and academic achievement: An evaluation of Indiana's Prime Time. A project funded with a report submitted to the Indiana Department of Education, Indianapolis, IN.

Theses

Kelley, K. (2005). Estimating nonlinear change models in heterogeneous populations when class membership is unknown: Defining and developing the latent classification differential change model. Doctoral dissertation, University of Notre Dame. UMI publication number AAT 3165185.†
†Modified and published as Kelley (2008). Nonlinear change models in populations with unobserved heterogeneity. Methodology, 4, 97-112).

Kelley, K. (2003). Delineating the average rate of change and consequences of fitting an incorrect growth model. Master’s thesis, University of Notre Dame.†
† Modified and published as Kelley & Maxwell (2008; Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics)
† and published as Kelley (2009; Behavior Research Methods).

Kelley, K. (1999). 95 Million t tests: The empirical findings when the assumption of independence is violated in the two-sample t test. Senior honors thesis, University of Cincinnati.